Abstract
As millions of Americans gain Medicaid coverage under the Affordable Care Act, attention has focused on the access to care, quality of care, and financial protection that coverage provides. This analysis uses the Commonwealth Fund Biennial Health Insurance Survey, 2014, to explore these questions by comparing the experiences of working-age adults with private insurance who were insured all year, Medicaid beneficiaries with a full year of coverage, and those who were uninsured for some time during the year. The survey findings suggest that Medicaid coverage provides access to care that in most aspects is comparable to private insurance. Adults with Medicaid coverage reported better care experiences on most measures than those who had been uninsured during the year. Medicaid beneficiaries also seem better protected from the cost of illness than do uninsured adults, as well as those with private coverage.
BACKGROUND
The rapid expansion of Medicaid enrollment since the enactment of the Affordable Care Act has focused attention on the access to care, quality of care, and financial protection afforded by Medicaid coverage.1 To explore these questions, we analyzed data from the Commonwealth Fund Biennial Health Insurance Survey, 2014, which surveyed a nationally representative sample of Americans about their health care experiences from July to December 2014. This brief compares the experiences of adults ages 19 to 64 who have been insured continuously for the previous 12 months and who either had private insurance (through an employer or the individual market) or Medicaid at the time of the survey. We also examine experiences of adults who have been uninsured for some time during the past 12 months, regardless of their current coverage status. Because the three groups differ on a number of demographic characteristics, findings were adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, income, and health status (Table 1).
MEDICAID ENROLLEES REPORT BETTER CARE EXPERIENCES THAN UNINSURED AND SIMILAR EXPERIENCES TO PRIVATELY INSURED
The survey asked respondents about their access to preventive health services, perceived quality of care, the responsiveness of their providers, and whether their care was coordinated among providers. Medicaid enrollees were as likely as those with private insurance, and significantly more likely than uninsured adults, to report having a regular source of care (Exhibit 1).2 Medicaid enrollees rated the quality of their care as highly as privately insured adults, and significantly better than uninsured adults. When they were last sick and needed an appointment with a doctor or nurse, Medicaid enrollees were significantly more likely than those who were uninsured during the year to say they had been seen by a doctor or nurse the same or the next day, and nearly as likely as privately insured adults.3 The same pattern held for reports about how often medical staff were familiar with patients’ medical history and coordinated their care with other doctors; those with Medicaid reported better experiences than those who had lacked coverage during the year and statistically equivalent experiences to privately insured patients (Exhibit 2).
ADULTS WITH MEDICAID AND PRIVATE INSURANCE RECEIVE RECOMMENDED PREVENTIVE CARE AT SIMILAR RATES
Survey respondents were asked whether they had received preventive and cancer screening services—blood pressure and cholesterol checks, and flu shots—in the recommended time frame (Exhibit 3). Compared with those who had been uninsured during the year, continuously insured adults with Medicaid coverage were significantly more likely to report having received these services. Those with private coverage reported getting care at slightly higher rates than those with Medicaid, but the differences were not statistically significant.
MEDICAID ENROLLEES HAD FEWER COST-RELATED ACCESS PROBLEMS AND FEWER PROBLEMS PAYING MEDICAL BILLS THAN DID PRIVATELY INSURED AND UNINSURED ADULTS
The survey also asked respondents whether they had cost-related problems accessing care or problems paying medical bills. On most measures, adults with Medicaid coverage reported fewer problems than uninsured or privately insured adults. Adults with Medicaid coverage were significantly less likely than either privately insured or uninsured individuals to report difficulty paying medical bills, being contacted by a collection agency about unpaid bills, having to change their way of life to pay medical bills, or paying off medical bills over time (Exhibit 4). Those with Medicaid were also significantly less likely to report skipping services because of the cost of care compared with adults who had spent a time uninsured (Exhibit 5). In some cases, differences in cost-related problems getting needed care between adults with Medicaid coverage and those with private insurance were statistically significant. For example, privately insured adults reported skipping a recommended medical treatment, test, or follow-up visit because of cost at twice the rates reported by adults with Medicaid (18% vs. 7%). Notably, though Medicaid coverage is widely believed to afford poor access to specialists (because Medicaid’s provider payment rates tend to be lower than private plan reimbursement), Medicaid enrollees were less likely than privately insured adults to report that cost was a reason not to pursue specialty care (5% vs. 11%).
LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDY
Our findings have certain limitations. They do not shed light on whether Medicaid or private insurance improves health outcomes for adults, or whether one type of insurance is more effective in this regard than the other. The analysis also focuses on adults with Medicaid or private insurance who had continuous coverage during the year prior to our survey. Medicaid and privately insured adults who lose eligibility during a given year may have somewhat different experiences from those described here. Still, comparing the experiences of those with continuous coverage, while controlling for demographic characteristics and health status, enables us to isolate the effects of insurance on health care quality and access.
CONCLUSION
The results from the Commonwealth Fund Biennial Health Insurance Survey, 2014, suggest that people with Medicaid coverage have better access to health care services, including proven preventive care, and fewer medically related financial burdens compared with those who lack insurance. Our findings also suggest that, compared to those with private coverage, Medicaid enrollees have nearly equivalent levels of access to care on many important dimensions. Medicaid coverage also appears to offer better financial protection than private insurance against the cost of illness. This last observation may reflect the steady increase in recent years in many private plans’ deductibles and copayments.
Notes
1 As of March 2015, 12.2 million additional people had enrolled in Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program since October 2013; https://www.medicaid.gov/medicaid/program-information/downloads/2015-march-enrollment-report.pdf.
2 All reported differences are statistically significant at the p≤0.05 level or better, unless otherwise noted.
3 Difference between privately insured and those with Medicaid coverage is not statistically significant.
Insured | all year | |||
Total (ages 19–64) |
Private coverage* |
Medicaid coverage |
Uninsured during the year** |
|
Total (millions) | 182.8 | 99.6 | 13.0 | 51.8 |
Percent distribution | 100% | 55% | 7% | 28% |
Unweighted n | 4,251 | 2,269 | 327 | 1,219 |
Age | ||||
19–34 | 34 | 29 | 45 | 44 |
35–49 | 31 | 31 | 33 | 32 |
50–64 | 35 | 40 | 23 | 24 |
Race/Ethnicity | ||||
Non-Hispanic White | 61 | 70 | 41 | 46 |
Black | 13 | 9 | 25 | 15 |
Latino | 17 | 10 | 23 | 31 |
Asian/Pacific Islander | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 |
Other/Mixed | 4 | 3 | 5 | 4 |
Poverty status | ||||
Below 133% poverty | 30 | 11 | 67 | 50 |
133%–249% poverty | 18 | 14 | 27 | 22 |
250%–399% poverty | 19 | 25 | 5 | 16 |
400% poverty or more | 25 | 41 | 2 | 5 |
Below 200% poverty | 44 | 21 | 89 | 68 |
200% poverty or more | 48 | 70 | 11 | 24 |
Length of time insured by current coverage |
||||
Less than 1 year | 21 | 12 | 13 | — |
1 year or more | 78 | 87 | 86 | — |
Health status | ||||
Fair/Poor health status, or any chronic condition or disability^ |
51 | 47 | 60 | 51 |
No health problem | 49 | 53 | 40 | 49 |
Adult work status | ||||
Full-time | 52 | 69 | 17 | 40 |
Part-time | 13 | 12 | 18 | 16 |
Not currently employed | 35 | 19 | 64 | 43 |
Employer size^^ | ||||
1–19 employees | 26 | 19 | 44 | 41 |
20–49 employees | 8 | 7 | 11 | 13 |
50–99 employees | 9 | 8 | 13 | 12 |
100 or more employees | 54 | 65 | 32 | 30 |
Notes: The total includes some adults who were not looked at in the study, including those who were insured all year
but had Medicare or did not name their coverage but said they were insured.
* Privately insured adults include those with employer-provided insurance, marketplace coverage, or a private plan
they purchased outside of the marketplace.
** Combines those who were “Insured at the time of the survey but uninsured in the past 12 months” and those who
were “Uninsured at the time of the survey.”
^ At least one of the following chronic conditions: hypertension or high blood pressure; heart disease; diabetes; asthma,
emphysema, or lung disease; or high cholesterol.
^^ Base: Full- and part-time employed adults ages 19–64.
Source: The Commonwealth Fund Biennial Health Insurance Survey, 2014.